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Answer from Lyon

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Question 2 : ( The HOUSE a "PHYSICAL SPACE to live in" )
How has changed in your country household equipment (home furnishing , household goods and effects , etc.) since 1950, and which are the specific construction techniques and materials used to take care of climatic constraints ( i.e. cold weather, etc. )?

1950

The "standard flat", in the after war period, is characterised by :

  • Its scarcity, due to : destruction of the war and the "baby-boom"
  • Its poor standard : lack of running water, showers, bath, private WC, etc. in many flats and houses, mainly in province and country side.
  • Poor individual heating installations (wood, coal)
  • Limited number of elevators in buildings, in town.

1950-1970

  • In this period, it was a tremendous effort in construction : the objective was "a flat for everybody". In 1954 , the demonstrations of the lobby for housing leaded by "l'Abbé Pierre", were very popular and effective.
  • New standards were adopted for flats : running water, private WC, compulsive bath or shower-room, etc.
  • Collective heating was introduced in a large scale,
  • The method of construction was changed into a much faster process : skeleton in concrete and filling in with parpend blocks.
  • It is the period of the big "towers", the "HLM flats" commonly called "hen coops", the "dormitory cities", the "ZUP" (Zones having Priority in Urbanisation) and "mushroom" new cities.
  • The size of flats ("living surface") is reduced significantly.
  • No consideration is given at all to the environmental and climatic conditions.

1970-2000

  • Several Oil crises increase dramatically the cost of heating of apartments and individual houses.
  • They are positive direct consequences : the insulation ( roofs, walls, soil, windows) is effectively improved. Solar photocells and other "non conventional" heating technologies start to be implemented, still at a small scale.
  • Comfortable and good class standards are adopted, and always more demanding labels in insulation and in heating are imposed in new buildings and houses.
  • The housing equipment and appliances reach good level of comfort and quality.
  • Rooms are still relatively small (around 10 m²), but the dimensions of the sitting rooms are much larger.
  • Air conditioning is gradually introduced, in spite of its relatively high coast.
  • The ZUP and other equivalent "low class" housing are demolished and people living inside is integrated in other living areas.