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Bread in the Change of Time


U3A Jihoceska Universita, Ceske Budejovice, Ceska Republika
Authorin: Jaroslava Jakesova


Good evening Ladies and Gentlemen

I would like to present you our research project as it proceeded in its different phases.
I. INTRODUCTION OF THE RESEARCH

The subject of our research was bread in Europe as a life value, bread within time and its traditions.

We first prepared theoretically for the research. We took lectures at U3A (University of the Third Age), studied books, attended museums and took part at workshops. Simultaneously we ran courses on PCs.

After we had studied in the theoretical field we formulated the research subject. We formulated the following research questions:

1. What are we going to research?
2. Who is going to be the subject of the research?
3. Which tools will we use and how long is the examination going to be?

We devoted special attention to the method of the research. We chose a questionnaire and its quantitative processing and then an ethnographical interview as a quantitative method. We also used one personal life story.
Not only us but also German and Italian students created the questionnaire. A few versions were prepared and senior students later adjusted them according to conditions in their countries.
At this point we would like to thank Mrs Gabriela Körting who helped us a lot when overcoming language barriers.
425 respondents, mostly seniors, took part in our research. The majority of people were in the age of 65 - 69 years; the oldest person was a 94-year-old woman.

We verified the credibility of the research using a pre-research, when we distributed and later again collected the questionnaires and prepared the final version that included the option of choosing the answers.

We processed the results and put them in tables. Today we would like to present you the first part of the research.
During the first part we concentrated on the theme "Bread as a life value".
We assumed that people appreciate bread for its non-replaceable value. We also assumed that bread was one of the basic nourishment for people, on which they could not give up. Therefore they would talk about bread with respect and the respect would be illustrated with a number of arguments. For example the respect for bread is connected with faith in God, in that bread is kept work, bread is a gift that is passed on from generation to generation.
Our assumptions were definitely confirmed, the results are kept in charts and are being processed currently.

II. PRESENTATION

Within the research field "Bread as a life value" we wanted to find out which value has bread for man, what it means for man personally and why people speak about bread mostly with respect. Our hypothesis has definitely been confirmed.
97% of respondents said that bread had non-replaceable, life important value for them. Only 3%-4% said that some people could live without bread that they did not need any bread or they could not eat it because of health reasons.
The most important part of the research is the examination of the purpose of bread during the time. We set out 6 time periods:

§ Childhood
§ War years
§ Post war years till 1948
§ 1950 - 1960
§ 1970 - 1980
§ Present time

We wanted to find out whether during these time periods there was enough bread or lack of it and whether respondents could connect these periods with any memories related to bread.

From childhood's memories 40% of respondents said that they had enough bread but on the other hand 35% of people said that there had been lack of bread or even that there had not been any - mostly during war years. The rest of people did not remember this time.

War years were connected with life stories and mainly with the way, how people obtained their bread. How the people from the cities made trips to the country to exchange their bread. There was only enough of bread for basic nutrition, to waste bread was out of question.

The post war years are characterised by sufficiency in bread just sometimes there was restricted amount. Only 20% of respondents said that they had not had enough bread.

1950 and 1960 were hard years for Czech citizens as they came to expropriation of private property, money reform and bread was on allowance. Although this time was difficult, bread as basic nourishment had been kept.

As 1970 and 1780 came, the political situation reflected in life styles of people. There was enough bread owing to its mass production and it led even to its waste.

It results from the answers, that in the last ten years people appreciate bread less than they used to in their childhood, but mostly older people have kept their positive attitude towards bread. They do not waste it and still highly appreciate its value.

The research of bread during the time was concluded by the question whether bread will remain as basic food and life value also in the future. 82% of respondents believe that nothing else could replace bread in future.

Results that were presented here are put forward only in outline. Now we are preparing them in our groups for interpretation, after that sorting for discussion. Interesting will also be the results of our partners from other countries, and we will be glad to compare our results with them.

Thank you for your attention

Ulm 15th November 2001
Appendix

Bozena Pelikanova, U3V at ZSF JU in Ceske Budejovice

A course of information technologies was a part of our studies besides to the regular study program. The IT course has been divided into two parts:

§ basic
§ and optional

Both courses are to last for two terms with 2 study units per week and they aim to provide the student - seniors with basic computer and word processing skills.

All students participated in the basic course during the first term. They learnt how to operate a PC, work within the Windows system and create documents using the word processor. They also learnt how to search any information on the Internet and using of electronic mail.

In the second term there runs an optional course. Student can deepen their knowledge about computers and familiarise themselves with other software programs that are needed for processing of the research results.

Lectures are held once a week. During the lecture everybody is sitting at his/her computer and working on given tasks. In the afternoon students have the opportunity to practise on their own using the university computers as some students do not have their own computers at home.

It was not our main goal to learn how to operate a PC though this knowledge enables us to use modern technologies for our studies and to process the data that we collected during the research.